Security system with optical waveguide

ABSTRACT

A security document comprises a substrate ( 1 ) and an optical waveguide ( 7 ). Couplers ( 10   a   , 10   b ) are provided in the waveguide ( 7 ) for coupling light into and out of the waveguide. The couplers ( 10   a   , 10   b ) can e.g. by gratings, scattering objects, holograms, luminescent dyes or perforations. The authenticity of the document can be verified using methods based on the properties of the waveguide.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to the field of security documents, such as banknotes, passports or credit cards.

BACKGROUND ART

Security documents have a substrate, which may be flexible, and on or in which there is arranged at least one security feature for the verification of the authenticity of the security document.

Volume or surface holograms or refractive gratings have, inter alia, been suggested as security features, in particular for bank notes, credit cards or passports. Even though such features are hard to counterfeit, they can be imitated if sufficient efforts are undertaken by a counterfeiter.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Hence, it is an object to provide a security document of the type mentioned initially that further improves counterfeiting security.

This object is achieved by a security document comprising a substrate and an optical waveguide arranged on and/or in said substrate. The waveguide comprises at least a coupler structured and adapted for coupling light into the waveguide and/or for coupling light out from the waveguide.

Since waveguides are generally difficult to manufacture, this measure increases security. The coupler allows to couple light into the waveguide or to observe light guided within the waveguide.

The waveguide can be an item separate from the substrate, for example if the substrate is formed by one or more sheets of paper. It can, however, also be part of the substrate, e.g. if the substrate is made from a transparent material, such as a polymer foil.

The document advantageously comprises a first and a second coupler. The two couplers are arranged and structured such that light coupled into the waveguide by means of the first coupler is at least partially transmitted to and coupled out by the second coupler. This makes it possible to operate and verify the waveguide by means of a light source and an observation means (such as a human eye or a detector) outside the waveguide.

Advantageously, the substrate is non-transparent (i.e. absorbing for the light guided in said waveguide) and has a window or half-window. At least one coupler is arranged in the window. This allows to easily observe light coupled out of the coupler and/or to easily couple light into the waveguide through the coupler, while most of the coupler can be protected by the substrate.

The substrate may also comprise two windows or half-windows, with the first coupler arranged in the first window or half-window and the second coupler arranged in the second window or half-window. The waveguide extends between the first and the second window. This design allows to couple light into the waveguide through one of the windows and observe the light coupled out from the waveguide through the second window.

In another advantageous embodiment, the document comprises a luminescent dye arranged in or on the waveguide, which dye is luminescent under irradiation of light, e.g. light guided by the waveguide, such that the dye can be used for visualizing the presence of light in the waveguide. Alternatively, the luminescent dye can emit light under irradiation by light shone onto the waveguide, with at least part of the emitted light then propagating along the waveguide to be coupled out elsewhere.

The waveguide can be embedded at least partially in the substrate, thereby making an exchange or removal more difficult.

If the waveguide comprises a first and a second layer, with the first layer having a refractive index higher than the second layer, the first layer can be used to guide the optical waves, while the second layer serves to isolate the guided wave from the surroundings. In particular, the second layer can be arranged between the first layer and the substrate, thereby preventing said wave to be absorbed or scattered by the substrate. Advantageously, the waveguide also comprises a third layer, again with the first layer having a higher refractive index than the third layer. The first layer is arranged between the second and the third layer, thereby isolating the wave guided in the first layer on both sides. This is particularly useful if the waveguide is embedded at least over part of its length in the substrate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is shows a first embodiment of a security document,

FIG. 2 shows a sectional view along line II-II of FIG. 1,

FIG. 3 shows a sectional view of a second embodiment,

FIG. 4 shows a sectional view of a third embodiment,

FIG. 5 shows a sectional view of a fourth embodiment,

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment with a security thread,

FIG. 7 shows an enlarged sectional view of a waveguide,

FIG. 8 shows a first method for manufacturing a waveguide and

FIG. 9 shows a second method for manufacturing a waveguide.

Note: The figures are not to scale.

MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Definitions

The term “security document” encompasses any type of document that contains a security feature that makes it difficult to reproduce. Examples for security documents of this type are banknotes, passports, checks, stock certificates, tickets, credit cards, or ID cards.

The term “light” is to be understood as light having a wavelength in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet range. In an advantageous embodiment, the term “light” refers to visible light only.

An “optical waveguide” is a body of substantially transparent material able to guide the light due to an elevated refractive index as compared to its surroundings.

A “window” in the substrate describes a transparent region in an otherwise substantially non-transparent substrate. The window can be completely surrounded by the non-transparent substrate, or it can be located at an edge of the substrate.

A “half-window” in the substrate implies that the substrate comprises two non-transparent layers, with the waveguide embedded between them. A half-window is a region where an opening is formed in one of the layers, with the other layer remaining intact.

The term “non-transparent” substrate or layer is to be understood such that when the given substrate or layer is illuminated from its first side, it transmits less than 50% of the light to its second side. The rest of the light is either absorbed or scattered.

First Embodiment

A first embodiment of the invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, which shows a security document in the form of a banknote.

The shown security document comprises a flexible or rigid substrate 1 of paper or plastics, onto which graphical elements, for example in the shape of security designs 2, illustrations 3 and indications of value 4, are printed in known manner. In addition the document possesses a security feature 5, the design of which is described in the following.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, substrate 1 consist of a laminate of a first paper layer 6 a, a second paper layer 6 b, and a waveguide 7 in the form of a transparent plastics layer between them. The paper layers 6 a, 6 b are non-transparent. Two windows 8 a, 8 b are provided in substrate 1. They are formed by holes in the two paper layers 6 a, 6 b. Waveguide 7 extends through both of them.

At the location of the windows 8 a, 8 b, waveguide 7 is provided with a first and a second coupler 10 a, 10 b, respectively. The purpose of these couplers is to couple light into waveguide 7 and/or to couple light out from waveguide 7.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2, each coupler 10 a, 10 b is formed by a grating 11, in particular a surface grating, which has e.g. been embossed into waveguide 7 in an intaglio-printing process. Each grating consists of a plurality of grating lines extending parallel to each other, advantageously spaced at regular intervals.

The operation of the security device of FIGS. 1 and 2 is as follows: When light is incident on one of the couplers 10 a, 10 b, e.g. on first coupler 10 a, it is scattered by the coupler. Part of the scattered light leaves the coupler in waveguide 7 under such an angle that it is being totally reflected while it propagates along it. Only when it arrives at the location of second coupler 11, it is scattered again, such that part of it leaves waveguide 7 and can be observed by a suitable detector or by eye, depending on the wavelength of the light.

Hence, when illuminating one of the windows, e.g. first window 8 a, with a light source, the second coupler located in the second window 8 b will start to emit light.

In order to increase the efficiency of the device, the grating lines of the couplers 10 a, 10 b are perpendicular to a line connecting the couplers.

The spacing of the grating lines can either be much larger than the wavelength of the light, in which case the grating forms a plurality of classical scattering objects that give rise to scattering over an extended range of wavelengths. Alternatively, if the spacing of the grating lines is similar to or only somewhat larger than the wavelength of the light, a diffractive grating is formed, which scatters light under certain Bragg conditions only, thereby giving rise to color effects. In particular if the second grating 10 b, i.e. the grating coupling light out of waveguide 7, is a diffractive grating, rainbow effects can be observed when viewing the grating from different angles.

Second Embodiment

FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment of a waveguide-based security device. It illustrates different types of couplers that can be used, as well as a different type of substrate.

First, in FIG. 3, substrate 1 is substantially solely formed by waveguide 7, and the paper sheets 6 a, 6 b have been replaced by ink layers 12 a, 12 b, which have e.g. been applied to both sides of waveguide 7 by means of printing techniques, such as offset print. Again, two windows 8 a, 8 b are formed on the document by omitting any print in the corresponding regions or by applying only ink or varnish of reduced absorbance.

In the region of first window 8 a, the first coupler is formed by scattering objects embedded in (or arranged on) waveguide 7. The scattering objects can e.g. be formed by embedding scattering particles in waveguide 7, or by locally modifying waveguide 7, e.g. by means of laser irradiation.

In the region of second window 8 b, second coupler 10 b is also embedded within waveguide 7 and can e.g. be formed by one or more of the following:

a) A volume hologram. Such a volume hologram can e.g. be formed within a plastics layer by means of irradiation with coherent light, using the techniques described in WO 2005/124456 (Xetos AG). Such a hologram, if arranged under appropriate angle and with appropriate grating spacing, efficiently diffracts light of a defined wavelength range out of waveguide 7, thereby giving rise to a strong, colorful effect.

b) A luminescent dye, which is luminescent under irradiation of light guided in waveguide 7. Such a dye can be embedded within waveguide 7, or, as illustrated by reference number 10 b′, be applied on a surface of waveguide 7, e.g. using printing techniques. If light is coupled into waveguide 7 through first coupler 10 a, it will cause the dye to emit light, basically in all spatial directions, thus that the dye will glow brightly to the observer's eye.

It must be noted that, in most embodiments described here, the roles of the first and second couplers 10 a, 10 b can be reversed, i.e. the second coupler 10 b may also be used to couple light into waveguide 7 while the first coupler 10 a can also be used to couple light out of waveguide 7. For example, a volume hologram can also be used for coupling light into waveguide 7. Also, when illuminating an luminescent dye arranged on or in waveguide 7, part of the light emitted by the dye will propagate along waveguide 7 and be coupled out at the location of first coupler 10 a.

Examples for suitable dyes are Macrolex red (by Bayer AG, emitting red light), or Fluorol (by SigmaAldrich, emitting green golden light).

The document can also be provided of dyes having at least two different luminescent colors, thereby making the effect more unique. The different colors can e.g. be arranged at distinct locations. Thus, they allow to create a multi-color image. Or they may be arranged such that, depending on where and how the light is coupled in, only one of the dyes is excited at a time.

Third Embodiment

Yet another embodiment is shown in FIG. 4. Here, one of the couplers, e.g. second coupler 10 b, has been replaced by at least one perforation, advantageously a plurality of perforations, 14. Each perforation extends through waveguide 7 and creates an edge therein that gives rise to a scattering of the light within waveguide 7. Hence, when light is propagating along waveguide 7, part of it is scattered at the perforations 14, and the perforations 14 will start to emit light. The perforations 14 advantageously extend all the way through non-transparent substrate 1, thus that light can be emitted to both sides of the document.

The perforations can e.g. be manufactured by means of laser drilling, such as described in WO 2004/011274.

Fourth Embodiment

In the embodiment of FIG. 5, second coupler 10 b has a periodic structure, e.g. formed by a periodic arrangement of scattering objects or luminescent dyes. In addition, a periodic microlens-array 15 is arranged over coupler 10 b, e.g. formed by separately manufacturing an array of microlenses and gluing it to second window 8 b. The period of the microlenses is substantially equal to the period of the structures of coupler 10 b, with “substantially equal” indicating a deviation of 10% or less. Thus, when viewing the document through the microlens-array 15 while light is propagating in waveguide 7, the interaction between coupler 10 b and the microlenses will give rise to a very characteristic behavior. This behavior is even more pronounced when the periods of the lenses and the coupler 10 b are slightly mismatched.

In addition, FIG. 5 illustrates that any of the windows 8 a, 8 b can also be a half-window, such as window 8 b of FIG. 5. Using a half-window is particularly advantageous at the location where the light is coupled out because it allows to provide a defined background for coupler 10 b. For example, this background can be chosen to be dark, thereby enhancing visibility of the coupled-out light. Even though the half-window is illustrated in FIG. 5 in combination with a certain type of coupler, it can also be combined with any other type of coupler.

Fifth Embodiment

The embodiment of FIG. 6 substantially corresponds to the one of FIG. 1. But, while in the embodiment of FIG. 1, waveguide 7 is a plastic sheet having the substantially same extension as the paper sheets 6 a, 6 b, in the embodiment of FIG. 6 waveguide 7 is a thin stripe embedded at least partially in substrate 1, i.e. a security thread. The security thread is visible though the windows 8 a, 8 b.

The Waveguide:

FIG. 7 shows a preferred structure of waveguide 7. It comprises a first layer 7 a, a second layer 7 b and a third layer 7 c, with the first layer 7 a having a higher refractive index than second and third layer 7 b, 7 c. The refractive index step is sufficient for constraining the guided light within first layer 7 a, with only a small amount of light intensity extending into the layers 7 b, 7 c and practically no light extending beyond the layers 7 b, 7 c. As mentioned above, this design reduces losses and attenuation.

Advantageously, and as shown in FIG. 7, the layers 7 b, 7 c are arranged between first layer 7 a and the absorbing parts of substrate 1, such as paper sheets 6 a, 6 b or ink layers 12 a, 12 b.

The waveguide can either be a monomode or multimode waveguide. However, a multimode waveguide is advantageous because it is easier to manufacture, more robust and, in the present context, has higher coupling efficiency.

Manufacturing the Waveguide:

FIG. 8 illustrates a first process for manufacturing a waveguide. A liquefied, thermoplastic, transparent polymer material 20 is introduced by means of a nozzle 21 between two runs of paper 22. Rollers 23 press the paper runs 22 against each other, thereby forming a layer of polymer between two layers of paper. The techniques as described in EP 2 000 321 (Lanqart AG) can be used.

In order to manufacture a system as shown in FIG. 7, where waveguide 7 consists of three layers, the paper sheets 22 can each be coated with a transparent polymer layer of low refractive index. They are introduced into the arrangement of FIG. 8 with the polymer layers facing each other. Thus, the low-refractive-index polymer layers form the layers 7 b, 7 c of FIG. 7, while the thermoplastic, transparent polymer material 20, which is selected to have a higher refractive index, forms layer 7 a.

An alternative manufacturing method is shown in FIG. 9. Here, a solid, flexible polymer foil 24 is introduced between two runs of paper 22 and laminated thereto.

Again, the three layers are compressed by means of rollers 23. The bonding between foil 24 and paper runs 22 can e.g. be formed by an adhesive or by heating foil 24 for welding it against the paper. If an adhesive is used, the adhesive can again be used to form the low-refractive layers 7 b, 7 c of the embodiment of FIG. 7.

Notes:

As it has been mentioned, a fluorescent or luminescent dye can be used for coupling light into waveguide 7. Such a luminescent dye acts as a light source coupled to the waveguide. Apart from a luminescent dye, any other type of light source can be used as well, such as a semiconductor light source or an OLED light source integrated into the document adjacent to or within waveguide 7, as described in WO 2006/056089.

The document can also comprise a combination of two or more fluorescent or luminescent dyes for generating a color change depending on the wavelength of illumination (metameric inks).

Frequency upconverters, such as non-linear optical materials, can also be used instead of or in addition to a dye.

In most of the examples described above, two windows 8 a, 8 b are used as locations for the couplers 10 a, 10 b. However, if waveguide 7 extends all the way to the edge of substrate 1, the edge can also be used as a coupler. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 6, waveguide 7 extends all the way to an edge 26 of substrate 1, such that light coupled in through one of the couplers 10 a, 10 b will become visible at edge 26.

The above description discusses various types of substrates and couplers. It must be noted that any of these substrates can be combined with any of the couplers. Also, any set of different couplers can be combined, and the invention is not limited to the specific combinations shown in the figures.

While there are shown and described presently preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be distinctly understood that the invention is not limited thereto but may be otherwise variously embodied and practiced within the scope of the following claims. 

1. A security document comprising a substrate (1), an optical waveguide (7) arranged on and/or in said substrate (1), and at least a coupler (10 a, 10 b) for coupling light into said waveguide (7) or out from said waveguide (7).
 2. The security document of claim 1, comprising a first and a second coupler (10 a, 10 b), wherein light coupled into said waveguide (7) by means of said first coupler (10 a) is at least partially transmitted to and coupled out by said second coupler (10 b).
 3. The security document of claim 1, wherein said coupler (10 b) comprises at least one perforation (14) extending through said waveguide (7).
 4. The security document of claim 3, wherein said coupler (10 b) comprises a plurality of perforations (14) extending through said waveguide (7) and said substrate (1).
 5. The security document of claim 1, wherein said substrate (1) is non-transparent and comprises at least one transparent window or half-window (8 a, 8 b), wherein at least one coupler (10 a, 10 b) is arranged in said window or half-window (8 a, 8 b).
 6. The security document of claim 5, wherein said substrate (1) comprises at least a first and a second transparent window or half-window (8 a, 8 b), wherein a first coupler (10 b) is arranged in said first window or half-window (8 a) and a second coupler (10 b) is arranged in said second window or half-window (8 b), and wherein said waveguide (7) extends between said first and said second window or half-window (8 a, 8 b).
 7. The security document of claim 1, wherein said coupler (10 a, 10 b) comprises a grating (11).
 8. The security document of claim 1, wherein said coupler (10 a, 10 b) comprises light scattering objects embedded in or arranged on said waveguide (7).
 9. The security document of claim 1, comprising a fluorescent or luminescent dye arranged in or on said waveguide (7) for coupling light into our out from said waveguide (7).
 10. The security document of claim 9, comprising luminescent dyes of at least two different luminescent colors.
 11. The security document of claim 1, comprising a periodic microlens-array (15), and wherein said coupler (10 a, 10 b) has a periodic structure, with the microlens-array having a period substantially equal to said periodic structure.
 12. The security document of claim 1, wherein said waveguide (7) is embedded at least partially in the substrate (1).
 13. The security document of claim 1, wherein said waveguide (7) comprises at least a first layer (7 a) and a second layer (7 b), with said first layer (7 a) having a refractive index higher than said second layer (7 b), wherein said second layer (7 b) is arranged between said first layer (7 a) and an absorbing part of said substrate (1).
 14. The security document of claim 13, wherein said waveguide (7) further comprises a third layer (7 c), with said first layer (7 a) having a refractive index higher than said third layer (7 c), and wherein said first layer (7 a) is arranged between said second and third layers (7 b, 7 c).
 15. The security document of claim 1, further comprising a light source coupled to said waveguide (7).
 16. The security document of claim 1, wherein said waveguide (7) is a security thread embedded at least partially in said substrate (1).
 17. The security document of claim 1, wherein said waveguide (7) is a plastic foil having substantially the same size as said substrate (1). 